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20 Best Microsoft Word Add Ins for | GoSkills
You might be starting the next major chunk of your document, like a new chapter, or you're writing a series of handouts or signs or slides that must print on separate pieces of paper, or you're designing a flyer or a greeting card that has a front page, middle pages, and a back page. You may have two or more elements in your document that you want to stay together, but the second one ended up on the next page, such as a picture and its caption, a heading and its introductory paragraph, the title of a list and the first few items in that list, etc.
You may have a single paragraph all of whose lines need to appear together on the same page, like an important warning, or a poem, or a product label, or a short literary quote. Related technique: Revealing nonprinting invisible characters Whenever I'm trying to understand a Word document, I've found it very helpful to reveal the "invisible" or "nonprinting" characters spaces, tabs, paragraph breaks, page breaks, etc.
No matter where you find it, this function is a "toggle," so once invisible characters are shown, clicking it again will hide them. Page Break It has no effect on how your document will print. Where to go from here If you find yourself inserting blank lines to push your text down, stop and ask yourself whether you're doing this to solve a problem quickly, or whether using page breaks either manual or conditional might be a better long-term solution.
If you can't understand why one page seems to "end early" and the text after it is at the top of the next page, have Word show the invisible characters. You will then be able to see any extra blank lines, manual page breaks, or even section breaks. If you don't see elements like those, then check the formatting page break options on the paragraph at the start of that next page. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software.
On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 3. Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windows , oriented to business, had already unified most of the system's bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.
Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT's superior hardware abstraction model.
This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market.
Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines. However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common. Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.
Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel , influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.
As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as " thunking ". A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.
Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment.
These factors eventually began to impact the operating system's efficiency and stability. Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.
These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system , and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications. Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive's capacity.
The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3. It was Microsoft's primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4. Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively. This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded.
On June 25, , Microsoft released Windows 98 code-named Memphis , three years after the release of Windows 95 , two years after the release of Windows NT 4. USB support in Windows 98 is marketed as a vast improvement over Windows The release continued the controversial inclusion of the Internet Explorer browser with the operating system that started with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1. The action eventually led to the filing of the United States v.
Microsoft case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was introducing unfair practices into the market in an effort to eliminate competition from other companies such as Netscape. In , Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release. One of the more notable new features was the addition of Internet Connection Sharing , a form of network address translation , allowing several machines on a LAN Local Area Network to share a single Internet connection.
Hardware support through device drivers was increased and this version shipped with Internet Explorer 5. Many minor problems that existed in the first edition were fixed making it, according to many, the most stable release of the Windows 9x family.
Mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, , and ended extended support on July 11, It has the version number Windows NT 5. Windows has had four official service packs. It was successfully deployed both on the server and the workstation markets. Amongst Windows 's most significant new features was Active Directory , a near-complete replacement of the NT 4. Terminal Services , previously only available as a separate edition of NT 4, was expanded to all server versions.
A number of features from Windows 98 were incorporated also, such as an improved Device Manager, Windows Media Player , and a revised DirectX that made it possible for the first time for many modern games to work on the NT kernel.
Windows is also the last NT-kernel Windows operating system to lack product activation. While Windows upgrades were available for Windows 95 and Windows 98, it was not intended for home users. It was the last DOS-based operating system from Microsoft. Windows Me introduced a new multimedia-editing application called Windows Movie Maker , came standard with Internet Explorer 5. System Restore was a notable feature that would continue to thrive in all later versions of Windows.
Windows Me was conceived as a quick one-year project that served as a stopgap release between Windows 98 and Windows XP. Many of the new features were available from the Windows Update site as updates for older Windows versions System Restore and Windows Movie Maker were exceptions. Windows Me was criticized for stability issues, as well as for lacking real mode DOS support, to the point of being referred to as the "Mistake Edition. The initial release was met with considerable criticism , particularly in the area of security , leading to the release of three major Service Packs.
Service Pack 2 provided significant improvements and encouraged widespread adoption of XP among both home and business users.
Windows XP was one of Microsoft's longest-running flagship operating systems, beginning with the public release on October 25, , for at least 5 years, and ending on January 30, , when it was succeeded by Windows Vista. On April 25, , Microsoft launched Windows Server , a notable update to Windows Server encompassing many new security features, a new "Manage Your Server " wizard that simplifies configuring a machine for specific roles, and improved performance. It is based on the Windows NT 5.
A few services not essential for server environments are disabled by default for stability reasons, most noticeable are the "Windows Audio" and "Themes" services; users have to enable them manually to get sound or the " Luna " look as per Windows XP. The hardware acceleration for display is also turned off by default, users have to turn the acceleration level up themselves if they trust the display card driver. Among the new features are a number of management features for branch offices, file serving, printing and company-wide identity integration.
Windows Server R2, an update of Windows Server , was released to manufacturing on December 6, The other CD adds many optionally installable features for Windows Server The R2 update was released for all x86 and x64 versions, except Windows Server R2 Enterprise Edition, which was not released for Itanium.
It is designed to use the expanded bit memory address space provided by the x86—64 architecture. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is based on the Windows Server codebase, with the server features removed and client features added.
It is only available to Software Assurance customers. The aim of WinFLP is to give companies a viable upgrade option for older PCs that are running Windows 95, 98, and Me that will be supported with patches and updates for the next several years.
Several vendors have created their own windowing systems based on independent code, but with basic elements in common that define the WIMP "window, icon, menu and pointing device" paradigm. There have been important technological achievements, and enhancements to the general interaction in small steps over previous systems.
There have been a few significant breakthroughs in terms of use, but the same organizational metaphors and interaction idioms are still in use. The influence of game computers and joystick operation has been omitted. Early dynamic information devices such as radar displays, where input devices were used for direct control of computer-created data, set the basis for later improvements of graphical interfaces. The concept of a multi-panel windowing system was introduced by the first real-time graphic display systems for computers: the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherland 's Sketchpad.
This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on hypertext. Engelbart had been inspired, in part, by the memex desk-based information machine suggested by Vannevar Bush in Much of the early research was based on how young children learn. So, the design was based on the childlike primitives of eye-hand coordination , rather than use of command languages , user-defined macro procedures, or automated transformation of data as later used by adult professionals.
It was so-called The Mother of All Demos. It had a bitmapped screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface GUI. It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years. It used windows , icons , and menus including the first fixed drop-down menu to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc.
In , Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface "including icons and the first use of pop-up menus". Although not commercially successful, Star greatly influenced future developments, for example at Apple , Microsoft and Sun Microsystems.
Released by digital imaging company Quantel in , the Paintbox was a color graphical workstation with supporting of mouse input, but more oriented for graphics tablets ; this model also was notable as one of the first systems with implementation of pop-up menus. The Blit , a graphics terminal, was developed at Bell Labs in Lisp machines originally developed at MIT and later commercialized by Symbolics and other manufacturers, were early high-end single user computer workstations with advanced graphical user interfaces, windowing, and mouse as an input device.
First workstations from Symbolics came to market in , with more advanced designs in the subsequent years. The Lisa, released in , featured a high-resolution stationery-based document-centric graphical interface atop an advanced hard disk based OS that featured such things as preemptive multitasking and graphically oriented inter-process communication. The comparatively simplified Macintosh, released in and designed to be lower in cost, was the first commercially successful product to use a multi-panel window interface.
A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper, file directories looked like file folders, there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired, and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash-can icon on the screen.
The Macintosh, in contrast to the Lisa, used a program-centric rather than document-centric design. Apple revisited the document-centric design, in a limited manner, much later with OpenDoc. There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox's PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive, because first versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and drag and drop manipulation of objects in the file system see Macintosh Finder for example.
The commercial was aimed at making people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from previous business-oriented systems, [11] and becoming a signature representation of Apple products. In , the Apple IIgs was launched. The IIgs was a very advanced model of the successful Apple II series, based on bit technology in fact, virtually two machines into one. It was released in December Visi On had many features of a modern GUI, and included a few that did not become common until many years later.
It was fully mouse-driven, used a bit-mapped display for both text and graphics, included on-line help, and allowed the user to open a number of programs at once, each in its own window, and switch between them to multitask.
Visi On also demanded a hard drive in order to implement its virtual memory system used for "fast switching", at a time when hard drives were very expensive. Its similarity to the Macintosh desktop led to a copyright lawsuit from Apple Computer , and a settlement which involved some changes to GEM.
This was to be the first of a series of " look and feel " lawsuits related to GUI design in the s. GEM received widespread use in the consumer market from , when it was made the default user interface built into the Atari TOS operating system of the Atari ST line of personal computers.
It was also bundled by other computer manufacturers and distributors, such as Amstrad. The application was popular at the time and included a number of programs like Draw, Text and Calendar, as well as attracting outside investment such as Lotus for DeskMate. Workbench was based on an internal engine developed mostly by RJ Mical , called Intuition , which drove all the input events. Workbench presented directories as drawers to fit in with the " workbench " theme. Intuition was the widget and graphics library that made the GUI work.
It was driven by user events through the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices. This common consent ended with release of version 2. Starting with Workbench 1.
With the introduction of AmigaOS 2. Amiga users were able to boot their computer into a command-line interface also known as the CLI or Amiga Shell. This was a keyboard-based environment without the Workbench GUI.
One major difference between other OS's of the time and for some time after was the Amiga's fully multi-tasking operating system , a powerful built-in animation system using a hardware blitter and copper and 4 channels of 26 kHz 8-bit sampled sound.
This made the Amiga the first multi-media computer years before other OS's. But a CLI was included which dramatically extended the functionality of the platform. It takes its name from the RISC reduced instruction set computer architecture supported. It comprises a command-line interface and desktop environment with a windowing system. Originally branded as the Arthur 1. The Icon bar Dock holds icons which represent mounted disc drives, RAM discs, running applications, system utilities and docked: Files, Directories or inactive Applications.
These icons have context-sensitive menus and support drag-and-drop behaviour. They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open windows.
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